Amnesty International and the Omega Research Foundation today called on global governments to support a UN-led process to regulate the trade in law enforcement equipment, highlighting how weapons such as batons are routinely misused in ways which constitute torture and other ill-treatment.

In a new investigation, Blunt Force, the organisations catalogued 188 incidents where law enforcement officials have misused striking weapons, which are currently traded with little to no regulation. The investigation draws on open-source photo and video evidence from 35 countries, and includes examples from violent crackdowns on protests in Belarus, Colombia, France, India and Myanmar.

Videos show law enforcement officials using batons and similar weapons to inflict punishment, beat people who are already restrained, deliver unjustified dangerous blows to the head, or choke people in neck holds. 

As a UN process to create an international regulatory framework progresses, Amnesty and Omega are calling for tighter controls on the trade in ‘less lethal’ law enforcement weapons, as well as an outright ban on other types of inherently abusive equipment used for torture or the death penalty.

Verity Coyle, Amnesty International’s Military, Security and Policing Advisor, said:

“Batons can cause serious injury and even death when used improperly - yet the trade in law enforcement equipment like this continues to benefit from a shocking absence of regulation. Governments should be obliged to conduct rigorous risk assessments before allowing this equipment to be exported. 

“States should also ensure that law enforcement agencies are trained and instructed in human rights compliant policing, including in the context of public assemblies, where many of the violations we documented took place.

“There are international standards governing how police can use force, but our investigation shows these being flouted all over the world - with profoundly dangerous consequences.”

Striking devices are the most common type of less-lethal weapon, carried by police and security forces worldwide. These include batons, lathis (long sticks) and sjamboks (rigid whips). The widespread use of this equipment means it is also among the most frequently abused, especially during crackdowns on protests.

Evidence of global misuse

Blunt Force shows how law enforcement officials routinely violate international human rights law by attacking protesters who present no threat of violence. 

 Amnesty’s Crisis Evidence Lab and Digital Verification Corps analysed more than 500 videos of protests between 2011 and 2021, identifying and verifying 188 incidents of baton misuse. Videos of five cases are available to view, with analysis of how international standards have been breached in each case. 

One video from Hong Kong shows a young male protester being repeatedly hit with batons by several officers. One of the officers strikes the protester’s head, causing bleeding. Strikes to the head are particularly dangerous and can be fatal. Putting life at risk is prohibited under international law   unless it is unavoidable and in response to a similarly serious threat. Crucially, the video shows that officers clearly had other, less harmful options to arrest the protester. 

Footage from Belarus shows riot police leading a protester down some stairs. An officer strikes the protester on the back of the legs, even though he is not resisting arrest. While being held by one officer, the protester is then struck on the back of the head with a baton and punched in the face and stomach. Baton strikes while a subject is under control are unnecessary and disproportionate, and amount to using batons punitively - which amounts to torture or other cruel, degrading treatment.

Some less lethal weapons and equipment can have a legitimate use in law enforcement, if employed correctly and in line with international standards. Law enforcement officials face a wide variety of situations which require instantaneous decisions, often in highly stressful and even dangerous circumstances. However, the use of force must only be resorted to with the utmost respect for the law, and with due consideration for the serious impact it can have on a range of human rights.

 Under the UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, police may only use force for a legitimate law enforcement purpose, and may not use more force than needed to achieve this objective. Any potential harm caused by police using force must not outweigh the harm they want to prevent.

UN process

 The UN Secretary General has tasked a group of experts to develop proposals with the aim of creating an international framework to regulate the trade in equipment that can be used for torture or in the death penalty. They are scheduled to report back to the UN General Assembly next year.

Given the clear risk of common law enforcement weapons being misused, any global framework to regulate the trade must cover the broadest possible scope of equipment.

 Dr Michael Crowley, Research Associate at the Omega Research Foundation, said:

"A growing number of states have recognised the need to address the trade in law enforcement weapons and equipment, as part of the global fight against torture and other ill-treatment. The ongoing UN process to develop common international standards is a once-in-a-generation opportunity to regulate a trade which has been out of control for decades.

 "We call on all states to support the creation of a global, legally-binding instrument which bans inherently abusive equipment and weapons and places strict controls on the trade in standard law enforcement equipment, to ensure it is never sent to those who will use it for torture or other ill-treatment. To make a real difference, such regulation must cover the types of weapons, such as batons, that are most regularly misused by law enforcement officials around the world.”