A sharp increase in refugees arriving on Greece’s Aegean islands is pushing an already faltering reception system to breaking point and is symptomatic of a failure by Europe’s leaders to adequately address the refugee crisis, warned Amnesty International ahead of the EU Summit which starts today.

A recent fact-finding mission to the islands and follow-up research reveals that new arrivals – including children – face appalling reception conditions. Poor planning, ineffective use of EU funds and a hiring freeze have left Greek authorities incapable of meeting the needs and protecting the rights of refugees. Each month the humanitarian crisis, enflamed by Greece’s financial disaster, worsens.

John Dalhuisen, Amnesty International’s Director for Europe and Central Asia, said:

“Tens of thousands of vulnerable people making the perilous sea journeys to escape war or poverty arrive on these islands only to be met by a support system on its knees. The majority of new arrivals have limited or no access to medical or humanitarian support and are often forced to stay in squalid conditions in overcrowded detention centres or open camps.

“The humanitarian crisis in the Aegean is not merely a Greek tragedy but the product of a failing European migration system. It is incumbent on EU leaders meeting this week to acknowledge that the intolerable strains on frontline states such as Greece and Italy are the product of Europe’s failed migration policies. Effective solutions to meet the global refugee crisis and share the responsibility more equitably across the EU must be urgently applied.”

The scale of the crisis

Amnesty’s research reveals that at least 61,474 refugees arrived on the Greek islands between 1 January and 22 June 2015 – far more than during the whole of 2014 (43,500). The number of arrivals is increasing, with an average of more than 5,000 per week arriving in the first three weeks of June.

Due to increased border security, the fencing off of the land border with Turkey at the River Evros and the practice of push-backs – the unlawful collective expulsion of migrants across the border back to Turkey – the vast majority of refugees and migrants are attempting the journey by sea.

Despite government condemnation and an apparent decrease in push-backs at sea, the practice continues at the Greek-Turkish land border where Amnesty has collected testimonies of instances of violent push-backs.

Describing how he was part of a large group of refugees pushed back to Turkey on 14 April, a Syrian refugee told Amnesty of his ill-treatment at the hands of balaclava-wearing Greek police. “[They] started beating us with their fists and kicking us on the ground. They held me by my hair and pushed me towards the river.”

John Dalhuisen said:

“It is clear from our research that, despite government condemnations, brutal push-backs are still happening.

“Not only are these push-backs from Greece’s land borders illegal under international law, but they are prompting ever-growing numbers of desperate refugees to cast off on perilous journeys across the Aegean.”

A failing system of First Reception

Across the islands there are only two First Reception Mobile Units (on Lesbos and Samos). However, most new arrivals have no access to First Reception Services. These services, intended to determine the nationality of the new arrivals and provide them with basic medical, psycho-social and humanitarian assistance, are either severely understaffed or altogether absent from islands with a large number of arrivals such as Kos and Chios.

An Afghan refugee held with his wife and two small children on Lesbos told Amnesty: “My children slept with wet clothes…nobody came to check us. The situation is bad here, my children are ill, we are ill….We need a doctor and clothes.”

A lack of screening results in a failure to identify members of vulnerable groups such as unaccompanied children. In 2014 official records show that 1,097 unaccompanied children arrived on the islands and at the River Evros crossing, and 216 arrived between the 1 January and 3 June this year. The actual numbers are likely to be much higher.

Due to the limited number of places in shelters, many unaccompanied children are kept in immigration detention facilities for prolonged periods – an average of 37 days.  Some have told Amnesty about ill-treatment with one Afghan boy describing how he was thrown to the ground by a police guard in Moria immigration detention centre in Lesbos. Another, a 17-year-old Afghan boy who was held for 70 days in Moria, told Amnesty in March 2015: “We do not have hot water to wash…many of us do not even have blankets”.

Inhuman or degrading conditions of detention

Conditions in detention facilities fall significantly below international and national standards and may amount to inhuman or degrading treatment. There is chronic overcrowding and lack of hygiene including overflowing toilets, soiled mattresses, shortages of bedding and clothes, power cuts and a lack of hot water.

New arrivals are frequently not given a change of clothes and are forced to sleep in the wet garments they arrived in. Overcrowding has meant that many refugees have to sleep in open areas such as ports.

On Lesbos, asylum-seekers are forced to sleep in a camp in a car park which is three-times over capacity. Samos immigration detention centre, which has a reported capacity of 280 people, was holding up to 600 refugees in June and Chios detention centre’s capacity of 208 people was exceeded by more than 300 people.

People applying for asylum are often forced to remain in detention for several weeks while their asylum claims are registered. Severe impediments facing refugees applying for asylum have resulted from an insufficient number of Regional Asylum Offices and staff.

Time for action

John Dalhuisen said:

“The twin financial and refugee crises have created a perfect storm on the Aegean islands that only concerted action by both the Greek authorities and European leaders can quell. Greece must provide coastguards, police and first reception authorities on the islands urgently with sufficient resources to manage the reception of newly arrived refugees.

“Whilst the implementation of EU plans for relocation of migrants may take some pressure off the Greek and Italian islands in the short term, what is needed are more safe and legal routes into Europe for refugees. This includes more resettlement places together with significantly enhanced financial and operational support for reception and asylum processing and the provision of greater freedom of movement for successful asylum seekers.”