The Rohingya people in Myanmar are trapped in a vicious system of state-sponsored, institutionalised discrimination that amounts to apartheid, Amnesty International said today.

The 111-page report, Caged Without A Roof, examines the root causes of the recent wave of violence in Myanmar, when the security forces killed Rohingya people, torched whole villages to the ground, and drove more than 600,000 to flee across the border into Bangladesh.

Amnesty’s two-year investigation reveals how the Myanmar authorities have severely restricted virtually all aspects of Rohingyas’ lives in Rakhine State, confining them to what amounts to a ghetto-like existence where they struggle to access healthcare, education or in some areas even to leave their villages.

The current situation meets every requirement of the legal definition of the crime against humanity of apartheid. Through a thorough legal analysis of an extensive body of evidence, Amnesty has concluded that the Myanmar authorities’ treatment of the Rohingya amounts to apartheid, defined as a crime against humanity under the Convention against Apartheid and the Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court.

Anna Neistat, Amnesty International’s Senior Director for Research, said:

“The Myanmar authorities are keeping Rohingya women, men and children segregated and cowed in a dehumanising system of apartheid. Their rights are violated daily and the repression has only intensified in recent years.

“This system appears designed to make Rohingyas’ lives as hopeless and humiliating as possible. The security forces’ brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing in the past three months is just another extreme manifestation of this appalling attitude.

“Although these rights violations may not be as visible as those that have hit the headlines in recent months, they are just as horrific. The root causes of the current crisis must be addressed to end the cycle of abuse and make it possible for Rohingya refugees to return to a situation where their rights and dignity are respected.”

Rakhine State: curfews and restricted movement

While the Rohingya have faced systematic, government-sponsored discrimination in Myanmar for decades, Amnesty’s investigation reveals how such repression has intensified dramatically since 2012, when violence between Buddhist and Muslim communities swept Rakhine State.

Rohingya in Rakhine are essentially sealed off from the outside world and face severe restrictions on their freedom of movement, confining them to their villages and townships. These restrictions operate through an intricate web of national laws, ‘local orders’ and policies implemented by state officials displaying openly racist behaviour.

For example, regulation in effect across Rakhine clearly states that “foreigners” and “Bengali races [a pejorative term for the Rohingya]” need special permits to travel between townships. In northern Rakhine State, where the majority of the Rohingya lived until the recent exodus, even travel between villages is heavily restricted by a system of permissions. Harsh and arbitrary curfews have been in continual operation in predominantly Rohingya areas for the last five years.

In central Rakhine, Rohingya are kept locked down in their villages and displacement camps. In some areas they are not allowed to use roads and can only travel by waterways, and only to other Muslim villages.

For Rohingya who do manage to obtain permission to travel in northern Rakhine State, frequent checkpoints mostly staffed by Border Guard Police are a constant menace, where they are regularly harassed, forced to pay bribes, physically assaulted or arrested.

One Rohingya man described witnessing such abuse when the bus he travelled on was stopped by police: “There were four police in total, two of them beat the guys with a cane on their backs, shoulders and thighs. Another slapped the lady four or five times with his hand. […] After that they took them to the police station.”

While conducting research for the report, Amnesty staff witnessed a border guard kicking a Rohingya man at a checkpoint, and documented at least one case of an extrajudicial execution, when Border Guard Police officers shot dead a 23-year-old man travelling during curfew hours.

During the violence in 2012, tens of thousands of Rohingya were driven out of urban areas in Rakhine, in particular the state capital Sittwe. Today some 4,000 people remain in the town where they live in a ghetto-like area sealed off with barbed wire barricades and police checkpoints. They are at risk of arrest or violence from the surrounding community if they try to leave.

Restrictions on healthcare, education and employment

The restrictions on movement are having a devastating impact on the daily lives of hundreds of thousands of Rohingya who have been pushed to the brink of survival. While the quality of hospitals and clinics in Rakhine is generally poor for all communities, Rohingya face serious and often life-threatening barriers in accessing healthcare.

Rohingya are denied access to Sittwe hospital, the highest-quality medical facility in Rakhine, except for in extremely acute cases. Even then they require authorisation from the Rakhine authorities and have to travel under police escort. In northern Rakhine, many see no choice but to travel to Bangladesh to access the healthcare they need, but this can often be prohibitively expensive for all but the wealthiest families.

One man in his 50s said: “I wanted to go to Sittwe hospital for medical treatment, but it’s forbidden, the hospital staff told me I couldn’t go to there for my own safety and said I needed to go to Bangladesh for treatment. It cost a lot of money. My brother has many paddy fields and oxen and he had to sell some of these to pay for the travel. I was lucky… most people cannot afford this, so they just end up dying.”

Outside of northern Rakhine, only a few medical facilities are accessible for Rohingyas. There they are kept in separate “Muslim wards” which are guarded by police. One aid worker compared one such ward to a “prison hospital”.

Several Rohingya described how they had to pay bribes to hospital staff and police guards if they wanted to call family members or purchase food from outside. Others avoided hospitals altogether, fearing abuses by doctors and nurses, or thinking they would not be offered care at all.

Anna Neistat said:

“Denying Rohingya access to medical care is abhorrent – we spoke to women who said they would rather give birth at home in unsanitary conditions than risk abuse and extortion at hospitals.”

Since 2012, the Myanmar authorities have tightened restrictions on Rohingyas’ access to education. In large parts of Rakhine, Rohingya children are no longer allowed into previously mixed government schools at all, while government teachers often refuse to travel to Muslim areas. With higher education largely off-limits for Rohingya, many people Amnesty spoke to expressed a sense of despair and hopelessness about the future.

Tightened restrictions on travel have also affected many Rohingyas’ ability to earn a living or feed their families. People selling produce have been cut off from trade routes and markets, while farmers are often prevented from working their fields. Malnutrition and poverty have become the norm among Rohingya in the affected areas, a situation the authorities have compounded by severely restricting humanitarian access.

“It is very challenging at the moment because we don’t have enough to eat. We would be better in jail or prison because at least then we would have food regularly. It is like we live in a prison anyway,” said one 25-year-old Rohingya man.

A ban on gatherings of more than four people, applying specifically to Muslim-majority areas, also means that Rohingya – the overwhelming majority of whom are Muslim – are effectively banned from worshipping together. The authorities in Myanmar have also sealed off mosques, leaving Muslim places of worship to decay.

Denial of citizenship

Underpinning the discrimination against Rohingya is their lack of legal rights in Myanmar. At the heart of this are discriminatory laws and practices, in particular the 1982 Citizenship Act, which have effectively denied citizenship to Rohingya on the basis of their ethnicity.

Amnesty’s research also reveals how the Myanmar authorities have engaged in a deliberate campaign to strip Rohingya of even the limited forms of identification they do possess. Since 2016, the government has made it extremely difficult for Rohingya to register newborn babies on “household lists” – often Rohingya families’ only proof of residence in Myanmar. Meanwhile, in northern Rakhine, those who are not home for annual “population checks” risk being deleted from official records altogether.

One consequence of this campaign is that it has become virtually impossible for Rohingya who have fled the country to return to their homes. This is particularly concerning since the military operations in 2016 and 2017 have driven close to 700,000 Rohingya to flee into Bangladesh, where they are living in refugee camps in desperate conditions.

Anna Neistat said:

“Restoring the rights and legal status of Rohingya, and amending the country’s discriminatory citizenship laws is urgently needed – both for those who remain in the country and those who wish to return. Rohingya who have fled persecution in Myanmar cannot be asked to return to a system of apartheid.”

Dismantling the system of apartheid

Myanmar is legally obliged to dismantle the apartheid system in Rakhine State, and must also ensure accountability for those responsible for committing acts that amount to crimes against humanity.

Anna Neistat said:

“Rakhine State is a crime scene. This was the case long before the vicious campaign of military violence of the last three months. This abhorrent system of discrimination and segregation permeates every aspect of Rohingyas’ lives and unless there are immediate steps to dismantle it, it will remain in place long after the military campaign ends.

“The authorities cannot rely on hollow arguments about the need for ‘safety’ or to combat ‘terrorism’ to impose further restrictions on Rohingya. The repression is unlawful and completely disproportionate. Crimes against humanity can never be justified – whether as ‘security measures’ or on any other basis.

“The international community must wake up to this daily nightmare and face the reality of what has been happening in Rakhine State for years. While development is an important part of the solution, it cannot be done in a way which further entrenches discrimination. The international community, and in particular donors, must ensure that their engagement does not make them complicit in these violations.”

Background: What is apartheid?

Under the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, apartheid is defined as a crime against humanity covering a range of acts, committed in the context of an institutionalised regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or groups, and with the intention of maintaining that regime.

Specific acts committed in this context and criminalised as apartheid range from openly violent ones such as murder, rape and torture, to legislative, administrative and other measures calculated to prevent a racial group or groups from participation in the political, social, economic and cultural life of the country and deny them basic human rights and freedoms. A clear example of where officials in Rakhine State have combined regulatory and violent acts is the extreme restrictions on freedom of movement on Rohingya, which constitutes the crime of “severe deprivation of physical liberty” as defined in the Rome Statute.