The move by President Vladimir Putin's United Russia party means those participating in "unsanctioned public meetings" can be fined up to 30,000 rubles ($900 US) and up to 50,000 ($1,600 US) rubles if the meeting puts a higher-than-expected demand on police resources.

The bill, which has passed through the Duma in just a few weeks, will become law once President Putin has signed it off.

John Dalhuisen, Amnesty’s Director of Europe and Central Asia, said:

"The Russian authorities must protect the right to freedom of expression and assembly, not curtail it.
"The speed with which this law has been passed suggests that it is not aimed at regulating a respected right but is rather a short-sighted response to growing public protest.

"President Putin on the day of his inauguration spoke out in favour of greater participation of citizens in public affairs and encouraged more consultations with different sectors of society about legal reforms.

"However, this draft law and the way it has been handled by the Russian parliament shows no respect for Russian citizens’ views."

The draft law has been widely discussed and sharply criticised by Russian lawyers, human rights activists and parliamentarians.

It imposes high fines for blocking pedestrians and traffic, damaging green areas and littering in the context of a "public meeting".

The proposed fines and sanctions are much higher than those for causing similar damage in other situations.

Organisers of public meetings would face hefty fines if participants cause disorder or damage, something patently out of their control in a large gathering. The draft law is open to arbitrary and selective abuse by the authorities, as several of the amendments are vaguely worded.

Dalhuisen said:

"The law on public meetings is more a law to block protests and prevent public expressions of dissent.

"These amendments, if adopted, will move the law even further away from enabling the right to freedom of expression and assembly as guaranteed in the Russian Constitution."

The law could punish people for organising any large gathering. Police recently detained numerous people during a stroll on Moscow's Red Square and its surrounding streets, carrying only white ribbons as a sign of protest against unfair elections.

Amnesty has criticised the Duma's suggestion of creating special areas in cities where demonstrations can be held.

Dalhuisen concluded:

"Demonstrations are meant to take place in public spaces. To confine them to a limited area where demonstrators cannot reach out to those they want to address with their protests contradicts the core idea behind the right to freedom of assembly.

"The authorities must enable peaceful protests and prevent freedom of assembly from becoming an empty phrase in Russia.”

Over the past six months there have been several large and peaceful demonstrations against election fraud, where police and organisers upheld public order while allowing people to express their dissatisfaction.

Following a large demonstration on 6 May, which resulted in some violence, and ahead of more planned large scale demonstrations, Amnesty is concerned that the authorities will take a far tougher line against demonstrations.